Franklin D. Roosevelt s Accomplishments - 2007 Words

Franklin D. Roosevelt started his democratic political career in 1910 when he was elected to the New York State Senate due to his aggressive and effective campaign. He then went on to become the Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1913 when Woodrow Wilson appointed him after he supported Wilson’s campaign (Hamby). While acting as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Roosevelt worked to expand the fleet and ordered the preservation of the Navy’s Aviation Division. The position gave FDR an insight to the administrative side of a piece of the U.S. Armed Forces and what was to come as Commander in Chief. After becoming paralyzed from the waist down from polio in 1921, Roosevelt returned to public light in 1928 being elected as the Governor of New York. He worked as a reform governor and created social programs to benefit the state which allowed him to have a strong support base in the most populous state at the time. 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Who Is Nominated Best Speaker - 772 Words

There have been some arguments as to who should be nominated best speaker in History. Indeed, choosing the best speaker in History is not an easy task. We should keep in mind that one of the most important criteria for someone to be the best speaker in History is that their speeches must have a lasting impact on their audience (Mckay). Namely, they must effect change, in thought or deed, in their audience. With this in mind we can see how some try to argue against the fact that this is what Winston Churchill did. One argument people might pose against Churchill, being nominated best speaker in History, is that Churchill was a naturally good speaker and didn’t have to hard as a speaker. First off even if someone was a naturally gifted speaker why should that disqualify them from being named the best speaker in history? If they used that gift to positively impact others, it should not matter. Anyway, Churchill did not have the natural gift of public speaking. 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A Time Series Analysis of the Adjusted Closing Stock Prices Free Essays

Table of Contents 1. ?Introduction 2. ?literature review 3. We will write a custom essay sample on A Time Series Analysis of the Adjusted Closing Stock Prices or any similar topic only for you Order Now ?Introduction 4. ?Methodology INTRODUCTION Google Inc. is an American multinational corporation which provides Internet-related products and services, including Internet search, cloud computing, software and advertising technologies. The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while both attended Stanford University. Google was first incorporated as a privately held company on September  4, 1998, and its initial public offering followed on August  19, 2004. The company is now listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol . The company’s mission statement from the outset was â€Å"to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful†, and the company’s unofficial slogan is â€Å"Don’t be evil†. In 2006, the company moved to its current headquarters in Mountain View, California. Objectives 1. To fit a multiple regression model to a data set comprising the put, call and strike prices of a stock belonging to a company listed on a known index. 2. To use the BSM Model to which provides a mathematical science for the pricing and hedging of European Call and Put options as the American Options market 3. We wanted to analyze the data for Google option prices from the S;P index over the past and present time periods in order to be able to forecast the future. Literature Review 1. Put call parity In financial mathematics, put–call parity defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and European put option in a frictionless market —both with the identical strike price and expiry, and the underlying being a liquid asset. In the absence of liquidity, the existence of a forward contract suffices. Put–call parity requires minimal assumptions and thus does not require assumptions such as those of Black–Scholes or other commonly used financial models. 2. Black-Scholes Model The Black–Scholes model or Black–Scholes-Merton is a mathematical model of a financial market containing certain derivative investment instruments. From the model, one can deduce the Black–Scholes formula, which gives the price of European-style options. The formula led to a boom in options trading and legitimized scientifically the activities of the Chicago Board Options Exchange and other options markets around the world. t is widely used by options market participants Methodology The data being analyzed consisted of daily past prices of silver traded on the S;P index since 14th May to 22 September 2012. The group was required to obtain data sets containing put, call and strike prices the data set of option expiring in more than 30 days but less than 100 The data was obtai ned from marketwatch. com on 14th May 2012 copied to excel and imported to R, with the stock price at $605. 23. The group chose options expiring on 22th September 2012 for the 1st data set, with 94 days to expiry. An average of the Bid and Ask prices of both the call and put options was then calculated as shown below. The values in the columns labeled â€Å"call†; â€Å"put â€Å"were calculated as an average of the corresponding Bid ; Ask call and put prices respectively. A number of statistical methods were applied to analyze the data on the R program. We first started by importing the data to the R program; below is a table showing the data. Strike | call| put| Strikesq| Adj Close| 295| 311. 75| 0. 45| 87025| 605. 23| 300| 306. 45| 0. 425| 90000| 613. 66| 305| 303. 1| 0. 45| 93025| 609. 15| 310| 297. 6| 0. 75| 96100| 612. 79| 315| 291. 4| 0. 5| 99225| 607. 55| 320| 286. 6| 0. 55| 102400| 596. 97| 325| 282. 75| 0. 6| 105625| 611. 02| 330| 277. 85| 0. 65| 108900| 607. 26| 335| 273. 4| 0. 775| 112225| 604. 43| 340| 266. 6| 0. 7| 115600| 604. 85| 345| 262. 1| 0. 75| 119025| 614. 98| 350| 256. 7| 0. 8| 122500| 615. 47| 355| 253. 3| 0. 875| 126025| 609. 72| 360| 248. 35| 0. 875| 129600| 601. 27| 365| 243. 45| 0. 925| 133225| 597. 6| 370| 237. 35| 1| 136900| 596. 06| 375| 232. 4| 1. 05| 140625| 599. 3| 380| 227. 45| 1. 05| 144400| 607. 45| 385| 222. 55| 1. 2| 148225| 609. 57| 390| 218. 85| 1. 325| 152100| 606. 7| 395| 212. 45| 1. 45| 156025| 624. 6| 400| 207. 9| 1. 525| 160000| 651. 01| 405| 202. 95| 1. 6| 164025| 635. 96| 410| 198. 15| 1. 65| 168100| 626. 86| 415| 193. 15| 1. 825| 172225| 630. 84| 420| 188. 4| 2. 025| 176400| 632. 32| 425| 183. 6| 2. 25| 180625| 635. 15| 430| 180| 2. 375| 184900| 642. 62| 435| 175. 25| 2. 55| 189225| 646. 92| 440| 170. 3| 2. 9| 193600| 641. 24| 445| 164. 6| 3. 025| 198025| 648. 41| 450| 160. 9| 3. 3| 202500| 655. 76| 455| 155. 15| 3. 55| 207025| 647. 02| 460| 150. 6| 3. 85| 211600| 649. 33| 465| 146. 8| 4. 05| 216225| 642. 59| 470| 141. 15| 4. 55| 220900| 646. 05| 75| 137. 65| 4. 95| 225625| 639. 98| 480| 132. 05| 5. 35| 230400| 633. 49| 485| 128. 5| 5. 8| 235225| 633. 98| 490| 123. 45| 6. 2| 240100| 625. 04| 495| 118. 65| 6. 75| 2 45025| 621. 13| 500| 114. 1| 7. 4| 250000| 615. 99| 505| 110. 75| 7. 95| 255025| 617. 78| 510| 105. 65| 8. 5| 260100| 605. 15| 515| 101. 35| 9. 45| 265225| 600. 25| 520| 98| 10. 25| 270400| 607. 14| 525| 93. 15| 11. 1| 275625| 606. 8| 530| 89. 55| 11. 95| 280900| 604. 96| 535| 85. 15| 13. 05| 286225| 614. 25| 540| 80. 6| 14. 15| 291600| 621. 25| 545| 76. 85| 15. 3| 297025| 622. 4| 550| 72. 9| 16. 35| 302500| 618. 25| 555| 69. 5| 17. | 308025| 618. 39| 560| 66. 05| 19. 2| 313600| 609. 31| 565| 62. 8| 20. 75| 319225| 609. 9| 570| 59. 15| 22. 45| 324900| 606. 11| 575| 56. 5| 24. 05| 330625| 607. 94| 580| 52. 75| 26| 336400| 614| 585| 49. 7| 27. 85| 342225| 604. 64| 590| 46. 7| 29. 6| 348100| 606. 52| 595| 43. 9| 31. 9| 354025| 605. 56| 600| 40. 95| 34. 35| 360000| 609. 76| 605| 38. 45| 36. 7| 366025| 612. 2| 610| 36. 1| 38. 85| 372100| 605. 91| 615| 33. 55| 41. 35| 378225| 611. 46| 620| 31. 05| 44. 15| 384400| 609. 85| 625| 29. 5| 46. 9| 390625| 606. 77| 630| 27. 35| 49. 75| 396900| 60 9. 09| 635| 25. 3| 52. 95| 403225| 596. 33| 40| 23. 2| 56| 409600| 585. 11| 645| 21. 6| 59. 2| 416025| 580. 83| 650| 19. 95| 62. 65| 422500| 580. 11| 655| 18. 6| 66. 15| 429025| 577. 69| 660| 16. 85| 70. 1| 435600| 579. 98| 665| 15. 6| 73. 95| 442225| 568. 1| 670| 14. 4| 77. 55| 448900| 569. 49| 675| 13. 3| 81. 35| 455625| 580. 93| 680| 12. 25| 85. 55| 462400| 585. 52| 685| 11. 05| 88. 25| 469225| 585. 99| 690| 10. 05| 93. 4| 476100| 639. 57| 695| 9. 55| 96. 45| 483025| 632. 91| 700| 8. 45| 102. 25| 490000| 628. 58| 705| 7. 75| 105. 25| 497025| 624. 99| 710| 7. 1| 110. 65| 504100| 629. 64| 715| 6. 75| 114. 75| 511225| 625. 96| 720| 5. 95| 119. 5| 518400| 623. 14| 725| 5. 65| 122. 65| 525625| 622. 46| 730| 5. 05| 128. 5| 532900| 650. 02| 735| 4. 55| 131. 95| 540225| 659. 01| 740| 4. 25| 137. 6| 547600| 668. 28| 745| 3. 95| 142. 35| 555025| 665. 41| 750| 3. 5| 147| 562500| 645. 9| 755| 3. 25| 151. 7| 570025| 642. 4| 760| 2. 975| 155. 95| 577600| 639. 7| 765| 2. 725| 161. 4| 585225| 64 0. 25| 770| 2. 525| 166. 45| 592900| 633. 14| 775| 2. 2| 169. 9| 600625| 629. 7| 780| 2. 125| 174. 75| 608400| 625. 82| 785| 1. 975| 180. 55| 616225| 630. 37| 790| 1. 775| 185. 45| 624100| 621. 83| 795| 1. 65| 190. 35| 632025| 625. 96| 800| 1. 525| 195. 15| 640000| 619. 4| 810| 1. 35| 205. 05| 656100| 618. 07| 820| 1. 175| 214. 95| 672400| 625. 63| 830| 0. 975| 224. 75| 688900| 625. 39| 840| 0. 825| 234. 95| 705600| 627. 42| 850| 0. 725| 244| 722500| 616. 05| 860| 0. 65| 254. 25| 739600| 623. 39| 870| 0. 525| 265| 756900| 623. 77| 880| 0. 475| 274. 55| 774400| 625. 65| 890| 0. 425| 284. 6| 792100| 620. 36| 900| 0. 375| 293. 45| 810000| 613. 77| 910| 0. 375| 304. 7| 828100| 599. 39| 920| 0. 3| 314. 45| 846400| 582. 93| 930| 0. 3| 323. 3| 864900| 588. 19| 940| 0. 275| 333. 25| 883600| 563| 950| 0. 25| 343. 25| 902500| 570. 11| 960| 0. 25| 353. 25| 921600| 580| 970| 0. 25| 363. 25| 940900| 580. 94| Fitting a Multiple regression Model From the results shown? 0=605. 997, ? 1=0. 995, ? 2= -0. 9979. The value of the stock at that point in time wasSt=605. 23. If significant, the estimate ? 2 was to be equated to -e-r (T-t) and the value for r equated. In this formula, T-t is the time to expiry of the options (94 days in our case) and r is the interest on a daily basis (short rate), which was then supposed to be annualized. Since all the estimates were significant, ? 2= -0. 9979=-e-r(94) r=-ln0. 997994=2. 236391*10-5 Annualizing r; r=2. 236391*10-5*250=0. 05592275=5. 2275%, which is the risk. The formula call(Ct)= 605. 997+0. 995put(Pt)-0. 9979(Strike(Kt)) was the model we used to derive values of call prices in relation to the multiple regression model. A plot of these call and strike options is shown below; If significant, the estimate ? 2 was to be equated to -e-r (T-t) and the value for r equated. In this formula, T-t is the time to expiry of the options (94 days in our case) and r is the interest on a daily basis (short rate), which was then supposed to be annuali zed. PROCEDURE FOR FITTING Finally we drew a graph of Call against Strike and this was the graph obtained. The code and resulting graph are shown below, GRAPH FOR CALL AGAINST STRIKE BSM MODEL METHODS To fit the BSM Model and generate theoretical call prices, we obtained and truncated historical data from finance. yahoo. com as shown in the column labeled ‘Adj. Close’ The code snapshot below created a function â€Å"BSM73† We then computed the BSM73 by using the given the data, annualized interest rate (r), stock price, strike price and days to maturity generates the theoretical call prices. The proposed model to be fitted to fit the regression model CtSt= ? 0+? 1KSt+? 2K2St+ ? t main purpose is so as to determine the values of ? ,? 1 ; ? 2 Procedure From the results shown, we get ? 0=1. 313950 , ? 1=-1. 959886, ? 2= 0. 001195. The value of the stock at that point in time was St=605. 23. PLOT BSM CALL PRICE (Yt) AGAINST STRIKE PRICES For data analysis conducted for September 2012 options with T-t=94 days and r=5. 922%, the proposed model can be used in option pricing. It can be concluded from the analysis that for options with a longer time to expiry and a smaller interest rate, the proposed model prices the options more accurately than the BSM model in the price ranges where most options are traded. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS The theoretical model for a time financial time series data is given by; Xt = Trend + ARMA + GARCH + WN Where WN is the white noise in the data. We assumed that the GARCH component is equal to 0 We proceeded to investigate whether indeed the data at hand had trend in it. We used the following tools in our investigation * Box plots * ACF * Histogram * Plotting the data Time series of the data. Summary of strike price data. Box plots ACF OF GARCH NOISE Code: ;y=log(strike) ; d=diff(y) ; garch=d^2 ; acf(garch,lag=100,main=†ACF of Garch Noise†) Histogram Code: hist(strike,main=†Histogram of ADJ Closing prices†) De-trending the data After having confirmed that the data contained linear trend, we proceeded to de-trend the data by; 1. Finding the natural logarithm of the data ;y=log(strike) 2. Differencing the data ;d=diff(y) We confirmed that the data the data was actually stationery at this point by using the following techniques; * Finding the ACF of the de-trended data and Plotting the de-trended data FIT ARMA (p, q) We found that an ARIMA (2, 2, 0) was the best model for our data FORECASTING We used the ARIMA (2,2,0) model to predict the adjusted closing share prices for the next 10 days: How to cite A Time Series Analysis of the Adjusted Closing Stock Prices, Essay examples

Bipolar Disorder Cause of Great Madness or Great G Essay Example For Students

Bipolar Disorder Cause of Great Madness or Great G Essay enius Essay written by Is bipolar disorder the cause of great madness or great genius? The symptoms of this mental illness may also be considered as the driving forces behind some of the most gifted and talented people to grace our society. Although individuals with this illness may have some obstacles to overcome, it can be accomplished. With all of the treatment programs that are widely available, people have many options and methods to turn to for help. Bipolar disorder, also referred to as manic depression, is a mood disorder. A person with bipolar disorder will have extreme mood shifts between mania, a state of highly elevated euphoric feelings, and depression, a state of despondency and despair. These shifts can take weeks, days, or even minutes to happen. The period between shifts will vary for each individual, depending on the severity of the disorder (Williams Wilkins, 1999, pp. 5-35). Approximately two percent of adults have this mental illness, and about fifteen percent of those adults will attempt suicide. Bipolar disorder affects both men and women and the affected rates are similar between different cultures and countries. Most people with bipolar disorder experience their first mood episode in their twenties, although it is not uncommon to experience the first episode during childhood or in late life (Bi-polar Disorder: Innovative Research in Health, 2000). Bipolar disorder is not a curable disorder, although it is treatable. Bipolar is among the most treatable of the psychiatric illnesses (Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000). It is important for people who believe that they may need help to seek it as soon as possible because the earlier that bipolar disorder can be diagnosed the earlier treatments can start. Even after experiencing an episode, even after sensing that something may be wrong, individuals who seek help may not initially receive the correct diagnosis from a medical professional. Because of the similarity of symptoms, bipolar disorder may initially be misdiagnosed as panic disorder, schizophrenia, or attention deficit disorder (Bi-polar Disorder: Innovative Research in Health, 2000). Bipolar may also be difficult to diagnose because the person seeking help may not be telling the doctor everything the doctor needs to know to correctly identify the problem. Medical professionals may only diagnose a person as having depression because they have no knowledge of the excessive enthusiasm that the patient feels. It is important for individuals seeking medical help to be accurate and thorough in describing their feelings or symptoms (Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000). A person experiencing a manic episode may have increased energy and/or racing thoughts. Feelings of euphoria and/or an increased pressure to talk may also be symptoms. A person in this stage of the illness may have uncharacteristically poor judgement and/or may be involved in some type of high-risk behavior, such as uncontrollable spending sprees, habitual reckless driving and/or participating in unusual sexual encounters and behaviors. Usually the individual denies that anything is wrong when in a manic state (Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000). A person experiencing the depression state of bipolar disorder may have feelings of worthlessness and/or guilt. Decreased energy and/or loss of interest in once pleasurable activities may also be symptoms of clinical depression. A depressed person may have trouble concentrating and/or have trouble making decisions. Depression may also leave individuals contemplating suicide (Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000). There are two classifications for bipolar disorder, bipolar II and bipolar I (Williams Wilkins, 1999, pp. 5-35). The combination and degree of mania and depression determine the type of bipolar illness. It is also determined by how long each stage lasts and the time frame of euthymia, having normal moods, between stages. The cycling of stages may overlap, which is referred to as a mixed episode. The diagnostic system that is currently being used by mental health professionals is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders volume four, also known as DSM-IV (Manic- Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000). A patient diagnosed as having bipolar II disorder has or has had at least one episode of major depression and is experiencing or has experienced one or more episodes of hypomania. Hypomanic episodes have the same symptoms of mania only to a lesser degree. .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 , .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 .postImageUrl , .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 , .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09:hover , .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09:visited , .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09:active { border:0!important; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09:active , .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09 .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9bfb9688f7f14abbb73dfc00e222a09:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sectionalism 1820-1860 Essay It is important for treatment to start .

Annotations for Seabiscuit by Laura Hillenbrand Essay Example

Annotations for Seabiscuit by Laura Hillenbrand Essay The Preface describes just how famous Seabiscuit was back around 1938. Our generation has grown up in an age where horse races are not famous, but rather football and baseball games, rock stars, and political figures are. Seabiscuit had trains that were â€Å"Seabiscuit Limited† and there was even Seabiscuit revenue that sold like crazy. Seabiscuit, for my generation, could be comparable to the Big Ben of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Red Pollard, Tom Smith, and Charles Howard formed a team that carried Seabiscuit to the top. Vocabulary- Adulation- verb; To show excessive admiration or devotion to (pg. xvii) Throngs- noun; A large group of people gathered or crowded closely together; a multitude (pg. xviii) We will write a custom essay sample on Annotations for Seabiscuit by Laura Hillenbrand specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Annotations for Seabiscuit by Laura Hillenbrand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Annotations for Seabiscuit by Laura Hillenbrand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ________________ Chapter 1; The Day of the Horse is Past; (pg.3-20) Summary- Chapter 1 introduces a main character, Charles Howard. He moves to San Francisco, California, with barely any money, and starts a bike repair shop. In San Francisco, the â€Å"horse-less† carriage arose which many were afraid of. Howard saw opportunity. He created an automobile repair shop. He then traveled to Detroit and met with the Will Durant, chief of Buick Automobiles, whom then hired Howard. On April 18, 1906, there was an earthquake in San Francisco. The horse carriages could not take the firefighters in the fire to save the injured and homeless people or to get rid of the dead. Howard let them use the three cars he had, which in turn worked and showed automobiles’ superiority. He had started a revelation. Howard then started doing daring stunts and races to promote a car’s durability. He was all over the press; whether in heroic stories of him winning a race or an ad for Buick’s, he had the limelight. In 1926, a rich, successful Howard took his wife out to Del Monte, and left their 15-year-old son, Frankie, at home. When they were gone, tragedy struck. Frankie had taken the car out with some friends to go fishing. On their way home, they were driving on a canyon road and saw a large rock, which he swerved to avoid. The car went down over the edge. Frankie’s spine and skull crushed, he was dead. Howard was devastated; he never quite got over it. In the 1920’s, if a man wanted to sin, California was not the place to be. So instead they traveled to Tijuana which was a town to go when you wanted to sin. There was alcohol, gambling, dancing, and cavorting all over the town. There, the Tijuana Racecourse was built; many called it ugly but had the first movable gates and photo finishes. Here Howard would sometimes travel. Charles’ son was married to Anita, who was pregnant. During her pregnancy, she asked her sister Marcela to come and stay with them. While she was there, she and Charles fell in love. Only a few more horses clopped down the streets in San Francisco, cars were the main attraction. Charles was rich, but bored, so he moved on to horseracing. Former pro baseball player Charles Strub lost everything in the stock market, he decided to build a racetrack and bring racing back to California. Only two conditions racing become legal again. One, tracks had to use the pari-mutuel wagering machine instead of the bookmakers. Two, wagering would be heavily taxed. Charles Howard went on the look for the best trainer. Connections- The town of Tijuana reminds me of Las Vegas, which is also known as Sin City. Both towns have many things that are frowned upon and when you go, you come back like it never happened.

Pride And Prejudice by Jane Austen

Pride And Prejudice by Jane Austen Free Online Research Papers Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a remarkable novel depicting the complications between a man and a woman before and as they fall in love. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist, is a twenty-year old lady who is an active member in the simple country society in rural England. She lives with her parents and four other sisters. Elizabeth, or ‘Lizzy’ is an original, differing from the other girls in her town because she is sharp-witted and quick, and she has fiery spirit although she is only moderately pretty. The antecedent action occurs when a wealthy, handsome newcomer to the neighborhood, Mr. Bingley, falls in love with Elizabeth’s older sister Jane. Bingley brings one of his friends out visiting to the country with him. This handsome, wealthy man’s name is Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy. However, the society soon discovers that Mr. Darcy is a disparate, solitary man, disliking most social frivolities. Lizzy’s first impression of him is undoubtedly negative, and Darcy shows no special feelings toward her, so their first meeting and their mutual indifference provides the initial incident. Elizabeth is a round and dynamic character. She changes her way of judging people, after a long interval of knowing Mr. Darcy. First she considered him unworthy of her company, he was so rude upon first acquaintance, and she was shocked and quite rude when he proposed to her and she declined. An example is found in the text: â€Å"It is natural that obligation should be felt, and if I could feel gratitude, I would now thank you. But I cannot-I have never desired your good opinion, and you have certainly bestowed it most unwillingly.† Austen: 175 (244) However, after beginning to know his personality throughout the rising action, and having him prove his love for her eventually, she allows herself to fall for him. This causes her to realize she should not finalize her opinion of people with no solid proof of their character. A great amount of the story occurs throughout the rising action. Lizzy’s cousin proposes to her and she declines but her best friend Charlotte accepts him. Mr. Darcy separates Bingley and Jane, so Jane goes to London. Lizzy travels to visit Charlotte and her new husband Mr. Collins. Lizzy runs into Mr. Darcy and finds he is visiting his aunt very nearby. They become well acquainted during few visits then. Soon after that, he proposes to Lizzy, but she is very angry with him for breaking up Jane and Bingley so she declines. The only virtual ‘antagonist’ of this story is Elizabeth’s family. Not her father, or her eldest sister, but her other sisters and, especially, her mother. Her mother is an extremely embarrassing and unsalutary factor in Elizabeth’s life, and she is so shallow and finicky, she can only be described as a flat and static character. Mrs. Bennet boorishly announces her dislike for Mr. Darcy often in front of him. All she cares about are money, jewels, and status, -the common precepts of that era and location- but not at all for goodness of character, or the happiness of her children. Other antagonists include Elizabeth’s sisters, Kitty and Lydia. They are extremely petty, fractious, and they waste away their days flirting outrageously with the officers stationed in their area. The disgrace the teenage girls bring unto their elder sisters is devastating, as because of Kitty and Lydia’s lack of class, the older Bennet girls are not considered a good enough match for Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy. When Lydia elopes with a more or less ‘ex-beau’ of Elizabeth’s, she causes great shame and worry without even realizing or regretting it. However, it provides Darcy with the opportunity to prove his love to Elizabeth by paying ludicrous amounts of money to force the wicked man to marry her sister. This tragic event is the climax of the story. The falling action transpires rapidly. First, Mr. Bingley and Jane become engaged, then that night Darcy’s aunt visits Lizzy. The mean lady tells Elizabeth to stay away from Darcy and decline any offers of marriage from him because she wants him to marry her own daughter. This results in Darcy coming to find Elizabeth the next morning to renew his proposal of marriage, which she unequivocally accepts, knowing she really does love him. The denouement occurs as Jane and Elizabeth are happily, lovingly wed with rich, high-class men. The conflicts that the protagonists overcome are mainly man vs. himself and man vs. man. Elizabeth prevailing over her first impression of Darcy is an example of a man vs. himself conflict. Also, Darcy surmounting his disapproval of Elizabeth’s family and upbringing issues is a good example of this kind of conflict. A model of a man vs. man conflict in this book is when Elizabeth stands up to Darcy’s aunt’s wishes and marries Darcy. Pride and Prejudice is, in fact, a very significant title. The word pride can be defined as ‘justifiable self-respect.’ The dictionary definition for prejudice is ‘an opinion for or against something without adequate basis.’ The whole novel revolves around these two simple nouns. When Darcy first comes to Lizzy’s small countrified town, he is considered ‘too proud’ because he haughtily avoided talking to the town’s inhabitants and only danced and spoke with his own party. What Lizzy discovers later is simply a form of shyness and uncomfortable unease, Darcy is judged negatively because of it. This causes Elizabeth to hold off admitting that she loved him for a long time, especially to herself, because she assumed he was a ‘proud’ man and not worth her time. General observations on pride can be found in several quotes: â€Å" Pride is a very common failing I believe. By all that I have ever read, I am convinced that it is very common indeed, that human nature is particularly prone to it, and that there are very few of the sore of some quality or other, real or imaginary. Vanity and pride are different things, though the words are often used simultaneously. A person may be proud without being vain. Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what we would have others think of us.† (Austen: ch 5, pg 33) â€Å"His pride does not offend me so much as pride often does, because there is an excuse for it. One cannot wonder that so very fine a young man, with family, fortune, everything so in his favor, should think highly of himself. He has a right to be proud.† (Austen: ch 5, pg 31) Prejudice is also a hugely important word in this story. When Lizzy condemns Darcy as not worth her while, she is acting on a prejudice rooting from other people’s personal anecdotes regarding him. When Darcy resists falling in love with Elizabeth, he is acting on a very strong prejudice against her unorthodox family, her country upbringing, her unworthy bloodlines and fortune. After a while, he finds he cannot repress his feelings despite all of his prejudices toward Elizabeth herself and admits that he loves her. The book’s name, Pride and Prejudice, is important because basically it is because of these two words that there is such a story of Elizabeth and Darcy. Without pride, another woman may have fallen in love with Darcy earlier. Without prejudice based on pride, Elizabeth would have loved Darcy sooner. Without pride and prejudice, Darcy would have realized he loved Elizabeth sooner and therefore there wouldn’t have been a cause for a book on Pride and Prejudice and the story of Lizzy and Darcy to be told. In fact, this book’s original title was First Impressions, and that title would have been just as suitable. It is Lizzy’s first impression of Darcy that depicts him as prideful, creating an obstacle, and it is Darcy’s first impression of Lizzy that deems her linage and upbringing as unworthy, which was a prejudice of his. First Impressions would have been a title fitting for this book, but not as catchy or revealing as the title Pride and Prejudice. One of the themes that may be suggested by Jane Austen is not to judge on first impressions. As mentioned earlier, had Elizabeth and Darcy not wrongfully judged each other on their first meeting, they would have been happily wed much sooner. Another theme suggested is to not let family disgrace drag one down. Elizabeth had a less than exemplary family, with her fickle, obnoxious mother, a sharply satirical father, two sisters who are as shameful and simpleminded as their mother, and one sister who would rather be withdrawn from social gatherings, play music, and read to herself. However, she and Jane both managed to rise above these dead weights and attract wonderful, honorable men for husbands, even improve their family in others’ eyes by wedding these men. One more theme Austen might be implying is one should not let themselves be influenced by outside sources. An example of this is Darcy’s aunt. Elizabeth, thankfully, did not let herself be scared off from Darcy’s next proposal just because his aunt threatened her and ordered her not to marry him. Likewise, Darcy ignored his aunt’s ambitions and proposed to Elizabeth against her opposition. It was very difficult to choose a thematic question to write about. Almost every question ‘slightly’ pertained to the book and Austen’s theme, but none of them really stood out as ‘the theme that Austen wrote about.’ However, question four is probably the best question relating to this book because it is, in a way, opposite of the main characters. The idea that we are influenced most by the approval or disapproval of others is a very common situation. Most people will go so far as to change their own opinion of something according to their peers’ approval or disapproval of the said ‘thing.’ This is not the case with Darcy and Lizzy’s love. In the beginning of the book, Lizzy dislikes Darcy, with good reason. She is not a petty girl, susceptible to being swayed by others’ agreement. In fact, Lizzy most definitely has a mind of her own. Not caring about others’ opinion of her propriety, she walks a long distance to Netherfield to visit Jane when she is sick. Although Bingley’s sister is disgusted and Darcy is enraptured, Lizzy brushes off their opinions and goes about her way. She is not alone in thinking poorly of Darcy upon first meeting him, but she is not convinced to do so by other people’s judgments. She chose her side all by herself. The same goes for Darcy. The whole social group disapproved of his prideful and haughty behavior, but he did not change for them. He remained as solitary and arrogant as ever. Also, when his aunt seriously disapproved of Elizabeth, he heartily ignored her wishes and went straight to propose to Lizzy. I think that no author could create two such characters so perfectly opposing of others’ approval and disapproval than Elizabeth and Darcy. Therefore, I think that Austen’s theme is exactly contradictory to the thought that people are most influenced by the approval or disapproval of others than by what they think of themselves. The storyline of Pride and Prejudice is easy to connect personally to because its theme is a very common, everyday thing. All the time people are judging too hastily and going back on their decisions later. A few months ago, I met a girl from another town through a friend. It was the very first time I met her at a party and she drove home drunk that night. I immediately judged her as a stupid girl, not thinking smartly and endangering herself. After that night, I never really thought of her any more because I did not know her, but when her name came up in conversations I just brushed her off as brainless and ‘no friend of mine.’ Then one day I saw her in a mall and we started talking, and though I had not spent very much time with her I found she was a lot of fun to hang out with, and really nice to talk to. We decided to get together again that weekend. I found that the more time I spent with her, the more fun she was and she turned out to be a really pleasant girl. We are now very good friends, and I kind of had to go back on my earlier decision that I did not like her. I just did not know her very well and she really is a great friend, I just know not to depend on her for a designated driver! My personal anecdote is very similar to Elizabeth and Darcy’s story. They first judged each other unfavorably without getting to know each other. They were kept from falling in love a long time just because of their first impression of one another, and when they finally overcame that they fell madly in love. This slight mistake happens to many people in the world, myself included because of my poor decision on the girl who turned out to be a great friend. Pride and Prejudice is still universally acknowledged as a classic novel because it portrays the truth of human behavior, which basically has not changed since those times. A good example is the very first sentence in this book: ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.’ (Austen: ch 1, pg 11) This idea has not changed over the years. When a new young man moves to anyone’s neighborhood, even in this 21st century, he is likely to be the talk of the town for quite a while, and very many young eligible ladies will fancy that he will choose them. Another part of human behavior that has not changed is dysfunctional families. Family rivalries and disagreements cannot be avoided, in any area or time period. Lydia disgracing her family by running away with a man to be married is similar to anything that could happen today. Also, Darcy’s opposing to Elizabeth’s family is just a part of bourgeois behavior that is still found today. Money and wealth being coveted is a human instinct that will not change, and perhaps has even gotten worse since Pride and Prejudice was written. Mrs. Bennet was absolutely giddy with delight that her Jane was marrying into great wealth, and she threw her disputes with Darcy out the window when she heard that Lizzy would marry him, because he was unbelievably rich. Basically, that was all that Mrs. Bennet cared about. She just wanted all of her daughters to marry rich men and she would be content; ‘ â€Å"If I can but see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield,† said Mrs. Bennet to her husband, â€Å"and all the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Austen: ch, 3 pg 19) I thought that a gavel represents the theme of Pride and Prejudice quite well because the whole book is centered on people making judgments of each other. The gavel, used by a judge in a courtroom, is used to signify the final decision of something. Many judgments are made in this book. First of all, Elizabeth and her whole community decided that Mr. Darcy is a proud, disagreeable man. Darcy deems that Jane does not love Bingley as much as Bingley loves her, and he also decides that the Bennet family is unworthy of marrying into. This book is full of people assessing others and judging them commendable or not. I think that the gavel represents all of the verdicts that are reached in Pride and Prejudice. I choose a picture of a crow on a plate for the second visual text. There is an old saying about ‘eating crow’ that basically means to eat your words. People joke about ‘eating crow’ when they make a solid decision about something, go out of their way to back it up, and end up being wrong and being humiliated. In this novel, many people make publicized judgments and end up eating their words. Lizzy makes no secret about her dislike for Mr. Darcy all throughout the book. When she does fall in love with him, it is against her will and it surprises everyone, especially her. She then had to explain to her friends and family that she changed her opinion of him and she really did love him now, but it was embarrassing to her to have to go back on her words, or ‘eat crow.’ The case is essentially the same for Mr. Darcy. He went out of his way to keep his friend away from the Bennets, not wanting to get involved with their family because he deemed them u nsuitable. He was impartial to Lizzy for quite a while, and then when he realized he was in love with her he had to eat his words and explain to her and admit to himself that his earlier opinion was changed and he really did love her. Therefore, the proverb ‘eating crow’ can be applied to this novel in a few instances. Bibliography 1) Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. London, England: CRW Publishing Company, 1813-2003. 2) Peter Davies. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc, 1976. Research Papers on Pride And Prejudice by Jane AustenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMind Travel19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and Canada

Maternal vitamin D and brain development Research Paper

Maternal vitamin D and brain development - Research Paper Example However, scientists are conducting further studies to find the maximum possible quantity of Vitamin D intake for pregnant and lactating mothers, while considering any possible side effects of its higher dose intake. Nevertheless, it is an established fact that this supplement helps in the development of skeletal and brain of the fetus, during pregnancy without any malfunction. While deficiency of Vitamin D is common in female population of countries with less sunshine, it is more evident in women with darker skin pigmentation.. In addition, research has found that 9.2 percent females are having such deficiency against the 6.6 percent males. The benefits of Vitamin D intake during pregnancy include helping in development of strong bone structure, as its deficiency results in reduced bone mineral content for the newborn. Chances of miscarriage are reduced with intake of Vitamin D that produces immunological changes in the mother, during early stages of pregnancy. In addition, medical research has found a link between Vitamin D and medical abnormalities like schizophrenia, as its deficiency can effect the normal brain development causing such kind of malfunction during adulthood.(Hollis & Wagner, 2014) Research has also collected evidence that Vitamin D intake during pregnancy can help in preventing the development of immunological diseases like asthma, wheezing, allergic infections, diabetes and respiratory tract infections, after the child grows into adulthood. Skull bones are also strengthened by the intake of this supplement as its deficiency means week skull bone structure that can cause brain injury at the time of delivery. Several epidemiological studies suggest that while Vitamin D deficiency is common in almost all pregnancies, it is more prevalent in black women, as they represent 29 percent of the total females having low intake of Vitamin D, against 5 percent of